Jobs least likely to be replaced by AI in the U.S.(from #451)

Lowest AI replacement risk first. Hands-on, physical and people-facing occupations rank highest. (841 occupations)

Highest payPay in 10 yearsOutlookSafest from AIMost exposed to AIFastest growingFastest pay growthLargest employment
Country:United StatesJapan
#OccupationMedian payIn 10 yrsOutlookAI riskGrowth (10 yr)
442 Photographers
Film & Video · 52K workers
$44,660 $58,900est. 45/100 45% −0.7%
442 Media and Communication Equipment Workers, All Other
Film & Video · 12K workers
$70,720 $94,300est. 47/100 45% +1.6%
442 Neurologists
Healthcare · 11K workers
$248,560 $339,200est. 66/100 45% +6.4%
442 Pharmacy Technicians
Healthcare · 472K workers
$45,750 $62,400est. 54/100 45% +6.4%
442 Construction and Building Inspectors
Construction · 147K workers
$74,690 $98,800est. 52/100 45% +0.0%
442 Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay
Manufacturing & Repair · 21K workers
$103,020 $142,800est. 70/100 45% +9.7%
442 Coil Winders, Tapers, and Finishers
Manufacturing & Repair · 13K workers
$48,220 $62,600est. 39/100 45% −4.0%
442 Team Assemblers — —est. 45/100 45% —
442 Forging Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Manufacturing & Repair · 8,930 workers
$49,030 $61,200est. 27/100 45% −17.2%
442 Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and Buffing Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Manufacturing & Repair · 67K workers
$46,550 $58,400est. 26/100 45% −10.8%
442 Sewing Machine Operators
Manufacturing & Repair · 105K workers
$36,670 $45,800est. 28/100 45% −15.1%
442 Bus Drivers, School
Transportation · 403K workers
$47,920 $63,600est. 43/100 45% +0.7%
442 Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters
Transportation · 46K workers
$78,000 $103,600est. 40/100 45% +0.9%
442 Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders
Logistics · 11K workers
$58,870 $78,900est. 54/100 45% +2.8%
465 Construction Managers
Management & Consulting · 380K workers
$114,990 $158,900est. 79/100 46% +9.1%
465 Emergency Management Directors $93,330 $125,700est. 61/100 46% +3.9%
465 Agricultural Technicians
Engineering & Science · 15K workers
$49,630 $67,300est. 62/100 46% +5.4%
465 Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary
Education · 7,700 workers
$96,870 $129,700est. 61/100 46% +2.6%
465 Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary
Education · 221K workers
$107,310 $151,400est. 79/100 46% +17.9%
465 Farm and Home Management Educators
Education · 8,220 workers
$60,220 $78,400est. 47/100 46% −3.2%
465 Fashion Designers
Fashion · 21K workers
$80,960 $107,100est. 56/100 46% +0.1%
465 Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants
· 16K workers
$36,300 $49,500est. 56/100 46% +6.4%
465 First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers
Retail · 1.1M workers
$48,520 $63,000est. 38/100 46% −3.7%
465 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products
Sales · 1.2M workers
$72,080 $94,900est. 43/100 46% −0.9%
465 Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators
Logistics · 105K workers
$58,470 $75,300est. 30/100 46% −5.3%
465 Food and Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and Drying Machine Operators and Tenders
Manufacturing & Repair · 20K workers
$44,810 $59,300est. 41/100 46% +0.4%
465 Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators
Logistics · 3,510 workers
$77,320 $103,300est. 50/100 46% +2.1%
478 Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare $59,300 $77,200est. 37/100 47% −3.1%
478 Lodging Managers
Hospitality · 43K workers
$69,250 $93,200est. 62/100 47% +3.8%
478 Marriage and Family Therapists
Social Services · 67K workers
$66,940 $94,400est. 70/100 47% +13.5%
478 Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
Education · 20K workers
$79,350 $104,900est. 51/100 47% +0.2%
478 Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary
Education · 13K workers
$77,270 $103,200est. 54/100 47% +2.2%
478 Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School
Education · 17K workers
$65,030 $85,700est. 39/100 47% −0.5%
478 Craft Artists
Design · 4,580 workers
$46,080 $61,500est. 51/100 47% +2.0%
478 Radiologists
Healthcare · 27K workers
$420,860 $565,200est. 58/100 47% +3.4%
478 Concierges
Hospitality · 49K workers
$38,950 $52,100est. 46/100 47% +2.6%
478 Agricultural Inspectors
Agriculture · 14K workers
$49,940 $66,700est. 52/100 47% +2.3%
478 Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment
Manufacturing & Repair · 6,940 workers
$84,890 $115,100est. 59/100 47% +5.4%
478 Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment
Manufacturing & Repair · 65K workers
$74,090 $98,000est. 45/100 47% +0.3%
478 First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers
Manufacturing & Repair · 673K workers
$74,450 $99,200est. 50/100 47% +1.8%
478 Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Operators
Manufacturing & Repair · 169K workers
$50,690 $64,000est. 30/100 47% −9.4%
478 Aircraft Service Attendants
Transportation · 31K workers
$40,450 $54,900est. 52/100 47% +5.6%
493 Electro-Mechanical and Mechatronics Technologists and Technicians
Engineering & Science · 16K workers
$73,900 $98,800est. 55/100 48% +2.6%
493 Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary
Education · 78K workers
$80,250 $113,200est. 75/100 48% +17.1%
493 Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary
Education · 13K workers
$77,570 $103,700est. 58/100 48% +2.6%
493 English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
Education · 58K workers
$78,760 $104,000est. 50/100 48% +0.0%
493 Museum Technicians and Conservators
Education · 12K workers
$51,440 $69,100est. 58/100 48% +3.6%
493 Audio and Video Technicians
Film & Video · 70K workers
$58,100 $78,200est. 54/100 48% +3.9%
493 Dietitians and Nutritionists
Healthcare · 78K workers
$76,400 $104,700est. 63/100 48% +7.7%
493 Optometrists
Healthcare · 43K workers
$136,570 $188,800est. 65/100 48% +9.5%
Pay and employment figures are national statistics (U.S.: BLS OEWS and Employment Projections; Japan: MHLW job tag). Projected pay, outlook scores and AI replacement risk are estimates from the Shigoto Zukan model, not guarantees. How to read the data